Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM)

ial mapping with an efficient spatial resolution and a minimum of topographical artifacts (later also “Equipment”). The equipment should support both AM- and FM-KPFM modes, operate with a potential range up to ±10 V, with a reasonable spatial resolution. The applied voltage should be from a few hund

red millivolts to a few volts (approximately 1-2 V) for AC and DC, and the device must be equipped with advanced control electronics and software for quantitative analysis. An integrated cooling and heating control with a large temperature